31 docs tagged with "particles"

Japanese particles explained: the eight 助詞 categories (case, focus, conjunctive, sentence-final, parallel, and more) with a map to every particle.

The か particle in Japanese as the marker of the open alternative: sentence-final question, binary "or," indeterminate 何か / 誰か / いつか / どこか, and 〜かどうか.

The が particle in Japanese marks the grammatical subject and flags new information. Learn the four cases where が is required and the が/の alternation.

The から particle in Japanese marks a source: a time, a place, a person, a material, or a reason. The N5 map with から〜まで and the から vs ので split.

くらい / ぐらい marks approximate quantities (5分くらい), extent (泣きたいくらい疲れた), and the trivialising at least that much reading in Japanese.

The こそ particle in Japanese singles out "the very one": 君こそ, こちらこそ as a reciprocal reply, and からこそ for the precise reason.

The さえ particle in Japanese marks the floor of a scale: "even X" as a focus particle, and "if only X" in the さえ〜ば conditional. One N3 map with でさえ.

The しか particle in Japanese marks a restrictive "only / nothing but": noun, quantity, and verb patterns, the mandatory negative ending, and しか vs だけ.

The だけ particle in Japanese marks a neutral limit: "only / just" on nouns, verbs, adjectives, the 3人だけ quantity reading, and the だけ vs しか split.

The で particle marks where an action happens, the means used, the cause, the material, and the time-frame. A sorted N5 map with the に / で contrast.

The と particle in Japanese marks an exhaustive list, a companion, a quotation, and a comparand. A sorted N5 map with the と vs や and と vs に splits.

The とか particle marks casual non-exhaustive lists of nouns or verbs, plus hedged quotes like 〜とか言ってた. N4 form, register, and や / と contrast.

The など particle in Japanese closes an open list (such as, and so on) and downplays items (things like X). The N5/N4 map, with や〜など and 等.

なんて and なんか sorted: なんて for surprise and dismissive listing, なんか for casual filler and dismissive listing, with the attach, register, and gender split.

The に particle in Japanese marks a fixed point: time, destination, recipient, location of existence, purpose, state change, and passive agent. One N5 map.

The について particle in Japanese marks the topic of speech, thought, or writing. The full JLPT N3 map, with についての, につきまして, plus the に関して / に対して split.

The にとって compound particle marks a subjective perspective in Japanese: for X, from X’s standpoint. The N3 map covers にとっての, にとっては, and the には split.

The によって compound particle, sorted: means, cause, passive agent, depending on, plus による, により, and によると. A JLPT N3 map with the で and に splits.

The に対して particle marks a target of action or feeling, and the "whereas" contrast between clauses. The JLPT N3 map, with に対する and に対し.

The に関して particle is the formal topic marker of Japanese: a report and business twin of について, plus に関する, に関し, and the concerning split at N3.

The の particle, sorted: noun-noun linking, the が/の alternation in relative clauses, and の as nominalizer, with a pointer to explanatory のだ.

The は particle marks the topic of a Japanese sentence: how the topic-comment frame works, contrastive は, は in negation, and には/では/とは stacking.

The ばかり particle in Japanese marks "nothing but" with a critical nuance, plus ～たばかり "just done," ～てばかりいる "always doing" and the ばかり vs だけ vs しか split.

The へ particle (written へ, pronounced "e") marks direction of motion in Japanese. The N5 sorted guide, with the へ vs に scope rule and への forms.

The ほど particle sorted: extent ("so X that"), ほど〜ない ("not as much as"), ば〜ほど in brief, and the ほど vs. くらい upper-bound rule.

The まで particle in Japanese marks the far end of a span: a time, a place, a clause, or a scale. The N5 map with から〜まで and the まで vs までに split.

The も particle in Japanese marks an element as part of a shared set: "also / too," "both A and B," and the "as many as 5人も" emphatic reading.

The や particle in Japanese marks a non-exhaustive list of nouns: examples of an open set. The N5 map with や〜など, the noun-only rule, and や vs と / とか.

The より particle in Japanese marks a reference point: a standard for comparison ("than"), a formal "from", and the これより先 restrictive sign use.

The を particle marks the direct object in Japanese, plus the path of motion (公園を歩く) and the source of motion (家を出る). Pronounced "o," not "wo."

に vs で for location in Japanese, sorted in one page: the existence-vs-action rule, the verbs that take each, and the 住む, 寝る, 起きる borderline cases.